Prevalence of dyslalias in 8 to 16 year-old students with anterior open bite in the municipality of Envigado, Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Anterior open bite AOB is the most common malocclusion associated with speech disorders and the literature has shown that problems of occlusion involve all oral functions. AOB not only produce aesthetic and occlusal problems for the patient and modifies the union of the lips, tongue, teeth, palate, palatal rugae and oropharynx, and thus affecting the ability to communicate well with their surroundings. The prevalence of AOB in children and adolescent in our population is unknown. Furthermore, the most frequent type of dyslalias in children with this malocclusion is also unknown. Therefore, the aim of the study was to describe the frequency and types of dyslalia in students between 8-16 years with AOB, as well as the difference in the types of dyslalia according to the magnitude of AOB. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Clinical assessment of AOB in students from the municipality of Envigado, Colombia, was performed. Students from 8 to 16 years of age were examined during the second semester of 2011 and first semester of 2012. Phonoaudiological assessment was carried out in students in the mixed or permanent dentition. Exclusion criteria included children with history of systemic disease, altered skeletal development, neurological and psychiatric disorders, and residents in other departments. In addition, students undergoing orthodontic treatment at the time of evaluation or with history of previous orthodontic treatment, as well as those who did not cooperate with the oral cavity evaluation, were excluded. RESULTS: Six thousand one hundred sixty five children were evaluated. One hundred sixty six presented AOB (prevalence: 2.7 %; 95 % CI: 2.28-3.10). Thirty four students were excluded. 26.5 % of the sample presented mild AOB, 66.7 % moderate, and 6.8 % severe. Some type of dyslalia was found in 77.4 % of the students, being distortion (75.8 %) the most common. The most frequently altered phonemes were: / d / t / s / ch / ñ /. No significant association between different types of dyslalia and AOB severity (p-value = 0.974) was found. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of AOB in Envigado is low (2.7 %). Phonation alterations are very common in children with AOB (77.8 %), and distortion is the most frequent type of dyslalia (75.8 %). In order to diagnose and treat occlusal and phonetic problems, and to avoid possible recurrence, interdisciplinary approach is recommended.

Asociación entre la terapia hormonal y el desarrollo craneofacial en personas con deficiencia hormonal entre los 10 y 18 años de edad. Revisión sistemática / Association between hormonal therapy and craniofacial development in subjects between 10 and 18 years of age. Systematic review

Introducción: Las deficiencias hormonales pueden afectar el complejo craneofacial durante el crecimiento y desarrollo esque- lético. Objetivo: Determinar si existía evidencia científica acerca de la asociación entre el tratamiento hormonal y el crecimiento craneofacial en personas con deficiencia hormonal entre los 10 y 18 años de edad evaluados cefalométricamente. Materiales y método: Revisión sistemática de la literatura en Pubmed, Google acadé - mico, Lilacs, Embase, ScienceDirect, sin límite de año de publicación. Se incluye - ron ensayos clínicos, estudios de casos y controles, cohorte, revisiones sistemáticas y meta-análisis. Se hizo lectura ciega e in - dependiente por parte de 2 investigadores, de los resúmenes y los artículos completos. Resultados: De 1085 artículos encontra - dos se excluyeron 1074 por no cumplir criterios de inclusión. Luego de la lectura completa se excluyeron 5 por ser estudios transversales y uno porque no se tuvo ac- ceso a él, quedando un total de 6 artículos incluidos. Estas investigaciones reportaron que los pacientes tratados con terapias de sustitución hormonal presentaron cambios favorables en las estructuras craneofaciales, especialmente la longitud total mandibular, longitud de la rama y cuerpo mandibular; también presentaron mejoría del perfil fa - cial, relaciones intermaxilares y estructuras óseas corporales. Conclusiones: A pesar de la heteroge - neidad de los estudios,se encontró queel tratamiento temprano de sustitución hor - monal, independientemente de la dosis y siempre y cuando sea a largo plazo, acelera el desarrollo de estructuras craneofaciales, principalmente de la mandíbula, hasta lo - grar los patrones esqueléticos establecidos genéticamente. Se requieren estudios que evalúen el efecto de la terapia de sustitución hormonal en pacientes sin compromisos sistémicos adicionales.

Background: Hormone deficiency could affect craniofacial complex during esque- letal growth and development. Objective: Determine whether there is scientific evidence of the association bet - ween hormonal treatment and craniofacial growth measured by cephalometry films, in subjects of 10 to 18 years with hormonal treatment. Materials and Methods: A systematic re- view. For the articles published in PubMed, Google Scholar, Lilacs, Embase and Scien - ce Direct databases, without restriction of publication year was performed. Clinical trials, case control studies, cohort, syste - matic reviews and meta analysis studies were included. Reading of the abstracts and the complete articles were made by two researchers. Results: Among 1085 articles found, 1074 were excluded because did not meet the inclusion criteria. After complete reading of the articles, five were excluded because they were cross-sectional studies and one was not recovered in the full text. In total, 6 articles were included. These studies report that patients who were treated with hormo - ne substitution therapy showed favorable changes in their craniofacial structures, especially in mandibular total length, ramus length and mandibular body length. These positive changes led to an improvement in profile, inter-maxillary relations, and other osseous body structures. Conclusions: Despite the heterogeneity of the studies it was found that early replace - ment with hormone treatment, regardless of the dose and long-term treatment, ac - celerates the development of craniofacial structures, mainly the mandible, to reach the skeletal patterns genetically established. Studies are required to evaluate replace hormone treatment in patients without additional systemic compromises.

Manual de cefalometria interactiva

En la actualidad, se han venido desarrollando y utilizando, una serie de herramientas interactivasa nivel odontológico, que mejoran y facilitan el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje, proporcionando bases para el desarrollo profesional del alumno y el odontólogo.

Relación entre forma y función a nivel craneofacial evaluada electromiográficamente / Relation between craniofacial form and muscles function: electromyographic study

Se tomó un grupo de 40 pacientes de ambos sexos, entre 16 y 30 años de edad, que no hubieran recibido ningún tratamiento de ortodoncia. Se dividieron en dos grupos morfológicamente diferentes: normales y con exceso vertical del tercio inferior de la cara y mordida abierta anterior. En cada paciente se evaluaron electromiográficamente los músculos temporal, masetero y suprahioideos durante apertura mandibular máxima y del 50 por ciento, apretamiento dental del 100 por ciento y del 50 por ciento y deglución de agua.- El temporal y el masetero presentaron la mayor actividad eléctrica durante las pruebas de apretamiento; esta actividad fue estadísticamente diferente entre los grupos, siendo mayor en el grupo normal. Los suprahioideos en ambos grupos presentaron su mayor actividad durante apertura máxima y deglución, pero la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa; durante la apertura del 50 por ciento la actividad eléctrica fue mayor en el grupo con exceso vertical, siendo esta diferencia altamente significativa.

A group of 40 patients, of both sexes, aged 16 - 30 years, without any kind of orthodontics treatment, was taken to investigate the variations in muscle physiology and craniofacial morphology. There were divided in normals and abnormals (anterior dental open bite and excesive anterior facial heigth). Electromyographic recording of temporal, masseter and suprahyoides muscles activity were obtained during jaw-opening, clenching and swallowing. Records were analized with an Autocad V12 computer program. Data were analyzed by means of the t - student. Temporal and masseter muscles showed the great electrical activity during clenching (100 and 50) those activities were statistically different between the two groups, being great in the normal group. In both groups suprahyoides have their maximal activity during jaw opening and swallawing, even though these difference wasn’t statistically significant. During 50 opering, the electrical activity were great in the vertical excess group, with a significant statistically difference.